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Showing posts with label science fiction. Show all posts
Showing posts with label science fiction. Show all posts

Sunday, October 24, 2021

A Wrinkle in the Skin (1965) by John Christopher


     "A doctor," Matthew said. "I should have thought that would—well, carry some weight still."

     "Weight? With whom? The yobbos? You're still overrating them."

     "The more primitive people are, the more impressionable, surely. And dependent on the mysteries of authority."

     Lawrence shook his head. "It's a question of scale. There was a paper in the Lancet not long before it happened. A study of the psychological effects of the South Island quake, linking up with previous catastrophe reports—the Skopje earthquake, the bombings at Dresden and Hiroshima. Much the same results. Something like three-quarters of the population that survived showed mild mental disturbances of various kinds, about one in ten more seriously ill but little lasting psychosis, and what there was occurring among people apparently predisposed to it. The effects of the Bust seem to have been a bit different. I could do a nice little paper on it myself. In fact, I dreamed the other night that I had done it and that it was published in the B.M.J. Funny thing, I can remember the papers immediately before and after it, too. One on a new technique for nephrectomy and the other on strangulated piles. I'd called mine 'The Anthill Syndrome.' Rather a neat title, I thought."

     "Why anthill?"

     "Because I read somewhere once about the way ants behave when the anthill's taken a beating. Up to a certain level of damage, the pattern's not unlike the one reported in the Lancet: initial disturbance and confusion but fairly rapid recovery as the survivors—or the more enterprising ones amongst them—get over the shock and set about putting things to rights. But it's quite different when the damage exceeds the level. Then, as far as the survivors are concerned, there's no recovery. Their behavior becomes more and more pointless and erratic and destructive."

     "Because the queen's dead, I imagine."

     "I have an idea that wasn't the operative condition, though I can't be sure. But isn't our queen dead, too? I don't mean the person—the guiding force in our society, the source of purpose and identity. It's an interesting speculation. The point is that we're behaving like the second category of ants. There's a mass psychosis, which it would be absurd to try to influence. I suppose there may have been a few relatively sane ants, too. It made no difference. They died with the rest."

     "Don't you think you might be generalizing on the basis of special local conditions? It wasn't like this back on the island. One or two individuals were off their heads, but the rest got together and were doing things."

     Lawrence smiled. "My dear man, you'd better do a paper, too! It could well be different in a small isolated community; in fact one would expect it to be. A few survivors in a tiny place surrounded by sea—or by seabed, anyway—can re-establish identity. I hope they'll prosper. Perhaps our salvation will come out of the islands and the Highlands. By our, I mean human, of course. In a generation or two, perhaps."




Christopher's middle-aged protagonist Matthew Cotter has a successful business growing greenhouse fruits and vegetables. He lives on Guernsey. He is divorced. His daughter is at college in London. His is a quiet and modestly successful life. Like all his friends, he takes a mild interest in the sudden crop of earthquakes in various parts of the world.


But that all seems impossibly far away for a man whose fortunes depend on sales to Covent Garden vendors.


But Matthew will "learn better". 


John Christopher strikes a nicely uncanny note early in the opening chapter:


....Matthew got himself supper, a casserole of pork steak which had been simmering all afternoon in the Aga oven, watched television for an hour and, after making a final round of the vinery, went early to bed. He read for a time, and fell asleep easily. In the early hours he was awakened by a dog barking, and sat up and switched on the light.

     He kept a couple of dozen hens on free range, to provide a supply of non-battery eggs, and there had been trouble with a dog disturbing them at night. It was apparently a small dog which got into the henhouse and chivvied them off their perches. Matthew had got up one night and heard it dash away as he approached. That had been over a week ago, and since then he had kept a shotgun in his bedroom. It would do no harm, he thought, to give it a peppering. He put on socks and shoes, and trousers and a guernsey over his pajamas. Then he loaded the gun and, picking up a torch, went out quietly in the direction of the henhouse.

     It was a clear, fairly cold night—no clouds, a quarter moon, and light sifting out across the sky from the great arc of the Milky Way. He heard the dog again as he went down the path, and stopped short. It was not barking any longer but howling, and he could tell that it was not in with the hens. It sounded like the crossbred collie on the Margy farm. But there was a disturbance among the hens, all the same, a nervous clucking which was, at this time of night, more unsettling than a positive sound of outrage would have been. Matthew tightened his grip on the gun, and went on toward them.

     He became aware of other noises, carried on the still air. A second dog took up the howling of the first, and he thought he heard a third, more distant. Cows lowing, and the bray, hideous and earsplitting even at a quarter of a mile distance, of one of Miss Lucie's donkeys. The sounds, familiar though they were, had a touch of horror in their present context: this otherwise quiet night, with no breath of wind, the sharply delineated peace of the middle hours of darkness. Then came another sound, as mild, as well known, but now the eeriest of them all. The chatter of birds, awakening from their sleep. One or two first, and then more and more, until Matthew felt that all the birds in the island were awake and shrieking their unease. He stopped again, abreast of the canebrake at the end of his kitchen garden.

     Then, after one swift, barely perceptible shudder, the earth heaved beneath him, slammed him like a rat against itself and, heaving again, tossed him bruised and winded through the air.



Globe-girdling earthquakes (too polite and modest a term for the earth changes John Christopher describes herein) wipe out the old human civilization. A new age dawns, born in blood and filth. Those who work cooperatively fare no better than the gangs of 'yobboes' who rape, beat, steal, kill and generally pursue marauding as a way to engage in what Marx called primary accumulation.


A Wrinkle in the Skin is a tour of the initial weeks of this new dispensation. Matthew and Andy, a boy he rescues from the Guernsey rubble, meet a variety of groups and individuals, some madder or more dangerous than others. 


"Were they all boys?"

     April nodded. Her eyes were steady on his. "Five, and seven, and ten. That was Andy. Dan had wanted him to go away to school, but I prevented it. It was the only thing I remember our fighting about. We compromised, in the end. He was to stay at home till he was thirteen."

     He would have thought there might be awkwardness in listening to her talking about them, but there was none. Her mind was open to his, in trust, and in her voice there was valediction as well as love for those she had lost.

     He said, "I saw their graves."

     "Yes. One goes through stages. There are bad moments still, but not so often, and so bad, I think. And one knows there can never be anything as bad as filling the earth in over them." They began to walk back toward the grotto. April's hand was near his, and Matthew took it; their fingers linked in warmth and reassurance. She talked about the foraging—they would have to go rather farther afield, she thought, to find anything worth while. Although she did not say so in words, he got the impression that she was ready, or almost ready, to accept the fact that it made no sense for them to go on living here.

     He said, keeping it in general terms, "At the moment, we're scavenging on the past. That means there are better pickings where there have been more people. But more risk of the yobbos, of course, too. This is a kind of in-between territory, isn't it? Isolated enough to make foraging difficult, but not far enough off the beaten track to be free from occasional visitors."       

She shook her head. "They don't matter."

     "I doubt if Archie would agree."

     "We were fools to have all our eggs in one basket, and then to hide the basket. I agree there. But we've cleared that up. There won't be any cause for heroics if it happens again. Archie can take them to the well."

     "It's not only that, is it?"

     "What else?"

     "If we'd got back later …"

     "Well?"

     Her obtuseness surprised him. He said, "Two women, one of them at least very attractive. There's more to it than the question of losing supplies."

     She stopped and stared at him. There was incredulity in her face, and the beginnings of something else which he could not identify.

     She said, "You don't think you arrived just in time to prevent our being raped, do you?"

     "I think that might well have happened."

     She gave a short gasping laugh. "But didn't? What made you think—? Because we didn't talk about it? Or perhaps because they let us pull our trousers up? That was considerate, but by that time they had decided to amuse themselves with Archie." He heard her voice grow more bitter as she spoke, and knew that part of the bitterness at least came from what she read in him: bewilderment, the shock of realization and, although he fought against it, something of revulsion. He was horrified, not only by what had happened but by the way she spoke of it, casually and brutally.

     Not meeting her eyes, he said, "I didn't know. I'm sorry."

     "You don't know anything," she said, "do you? But what did you expect happens nowadays when a gang of men find unguarded women?"

     He asked, unwillingly but compulsively, "It's happened before?"

     "Look at me!" Her face was angry. "Do you want to know about the first time? The day after I found Lawrence, two days after I dug those graves. I saw them first. I called to them, because I thought the most important thing was that those who were left should make contact. I suppose I thought that if people had been changed they would be more human, not less. I couldn't believe it when they got hold of me. I fought, of course. I hadn't learned how stupid it was to resist. That was the only time it was really painful."

     "And Lawrence?"

     "We'd split up, covering as much ground as possible. He was within earshot, but even though I fought I didn't cry out. They were both strong and under thirty. He could only have got hurt, one way or another. When they left me, I crawled away and found him again. It creates quite a bond, you know, when a man comforts a woman after two other men have knocked her about and raped her."

     Matthew said, 'I've said I'm sorry. You don't have to talk about it."

     "Don't I? Are you sure? The point is, it wasn't just comfort. Lawrence could offer practical help. He had some of those foreign-body contraceptives in his surgery. We dug them out, and he fitted me. It's a coil of stainless steel and nylon, with a funny tail. A terribly cute little gadget. And he fitted Sybil and Cathie when they joined up with us."

     He was trying not to show anything, but she was watching him closely.

     She said, "Yes, Cathiel Which was just as well, because it happened to her a couple of days later. There were eight that time, and two of them couldn't wait for me and Sybil to be free. That was one of the times the men had to watch. The good thing about the ones you saw was that they left Cathie alone. Three of them had me, and the other two Sybil. I'm generally popular. One of them took me with him once, as far as Southampton. I made the mistake of talking, and he liked my accent. I got away in the night, and came back here."

     Matthew said, "If it helps …"

     "All this," she said, "it isn't even the beginning. I haven't told you anything. That man I kicked—the one who was badly wounded—you remember?"

     Matthew nodded. "Yes."

     "He spat in my face while he was in me. Do you think you have the remotest idea how that makes you feel—about yourself, and about men?"

     "No. I know I haven't."

     "There have been five times all together. I don't know how many men—sometimes the same man more than once. The secret is to cooperate because then it's over quicker and less … less hideous. As an extra precaution we have sponges as well as the gadgets. Its not a great deal worse than going to a dentist used to be, if you have the right mental attitude, and the odds are pretty high against conception. But there's always the possibility, of course. Have you thought what that would be like, Matthew? Pregnant, in these conditions, by a beast on two legs who's used you the way a dog uses a bitch? And the other little possibility—of V.D.? The odds are not so high there. So far we've been lucky. At least, I think we have. It's too early to know about the latest episode."

     He felt he must stem the flow of this wretchedness and misery which was pouring from her. He put his hand on hers, holding her, feeling the bone under the flesh. "I didn't know," he said. "I ought to have done. It was stupid of me."

     She turned away. "Not that. Your look when you realized." "It's happened. Bad things come to an end, as well as good. You'll forget about it in time. What you do counts, not what's done to you."

     She stared at him, her face full of pain. "You still don't know anything. I had one man, my husband. I was proud of my body, because he loved it. Now … Lawrence wanted me, so I let him take me. It didn't mean as much as being raped, but it meant as little. I was sorry for him, and I despised him." Matthew said, "That was generous."

     "Generous! My God! And Charley? A boy only a few years older than my son was. And knowing it was the sight of other men using me that had excited him? Do you call contempt generous?"

     He was silent. His hand still held hers, and as though suddenly aware of this, she took it from him. She said, her voice lower but harsh, "Sex and motherhood are the centers of being a woman. Now they mean nothing but disgust and fear.

     Little Archie … no, he hasn't had me, but only because he hasn't asked." She glanced at him, and away. "I'd learned fear of most men, contempt for all of them. Then, when I was washing at the pool, I looked up and saw you watching me. And I had the insane idea that there might still be strength and goodness—in a man, between man and woman. It was my illusion, and not your fault."

     "I don't think it is an illusion."

     She ignored the remark. "I'm sorry about the outburst. You listened very patiently, Matthew."

     The anger and bitterness had gone, but he could almost have wished them back. She was a long way away.

     "Listen," he said. He sought her hand, but she moved from him. "Surely you don't fear me?"

     "No." She sounded tired. "I don't fear you. But I despise you. I despise you as a man. As a person, I think I envy you. What I said when I was bandaging your ankle—I didn't realize how true it was. Nothing has changed for you except the scenery. For the rest of us it was God bringing our world crashing down about our ears, but for you it was—what? An epic in Cinemascope, Stereosound and 3-D. Jane is still alive, and you can amble your way toward her through the ruins. Do you know what? I think you'll find her. And she'll be dressed in white silk and orange blossoms, and it will be the morning of her wedding to a clean young man with wonderful manners, and you'll be just in time to give her away."

     He said, "I want to stay here."

     April shook her head. "You can't do that. I can tolerate the others, but not you."

     "In time, you could."

     "No. You remind me of everything that's finished. I would have to go myself, if you stayed. I don't think you would force me into that."

     There was a response, if he could find it, which would break through the meaningless tyranny of words, which would restore the early morning moment of recognition. But even if he found it, he wondered, could he afford what it would cost?

     April walked away from him, toward the garden and the grotto. After a time he followed her, but he did not try to catch her up.



A Wrinkle in the Skin is a fine, fierce novel, more bitter than bittersweet, more cold than cozy. 


For Christopher's protagonists, plangent emotions are an expensive luxury. Ahead of them there's at least a thousand years of barbarism.


Jay

24 October 2021


Thursday, September 16, 2021

The Fantastika of Gore Vidal: Kalki (1979)

            I do recall thinking, everything's out of control: population, the weather, the cells of each and every body. Things seemed to be converging in a disastrous way. Arlene had had leukemia for six years. She was in a state of remission. We never mentioned the subject. But it was always there. 

     Then there was me dead broke because there weren't any planes to test due to the recession or depression. There was… . As I put down the receiver, I was suddenly glad that I was going to India, to Nepal, to meet an American who said he was Kalki, come to end the world because, I said out loud, "Things can't get any worse."





"Nought may endure but mutability."

-- Shelley


Kalki: A Novel (1978) by Gore Vidal


In his "entertainments" Vidal (1925-2012) does not aim for the density of his historical novels. Myra Breckinridge (1968), Duluth (1983) and Live From Golgotha (1992), are playful  holidays where theme and variation are visited upon literary-academic pretensions Vidal enjoyed skewering in essays and editorial page letters.


Kalki (1978), a droll pseudo-SF exercise in the grotesque, is the most energetic of these entertainments. It is a Walpurgisnacht wherein the world's goblins roar with the pleasure at the prospect of terrifying the countryside for a night.


Vidal the jaded and epicene critic commenced Kalki in early 1976 (Parini, 279) after completing 1876, that most diffuse and flacid of historical fictions. Kalki is a novel that reads like a jailbreak from proportion and propriety.


It is first and foremost a Chicken Little novel. Kalki predates the panics of The Handmaid's Tale (1985) and Paul Theroux's O-Zone (1986) by nearly a decade. In Vidal's mid-1970s, everything sucks: smog, high crime, the colonial world, and US hypocrisy about sex, drugs, and gender roles. The author must have felt like his muse was sending down the pages by the bucketful each morning.


All the 1970s obsessions that animated people like Barry Commoner and Jeremy Rifkin are embedded in Kalki: overpopulation, growth limits, ozone holes, the approaching global food and energy crack-ups that would soon lead to famine and death. Vidal and his characters, privileged bourgois types, can only imagine one solution for themselves:  pulling up the gang-plank before the immense majority of humanity at home and abroad puts their stamp on events.


*     *     *

Kalki's plotters and plot


James Joseph Kelly [Kalki], Former Sergeant, U.S. Army, serving in Vietnam. Expert in biological weapons, drug lord, messiah.


Giles Lowell, M. D. [Alias Dr. Ashok] Kelly's teacher and lieutenant. The worm in the apple of the new Eden.


Lakshmi, Kelly's consort.


Geraldine, Lakshmi's particular friend and Kalki's biochemist.


Theodora Hecht Ottinger, winner of aviation's International Harmon Trophy, author of Beyond Motherhood, freelance journalist. Our narrator.



Like M. P. Shiel's sublime masterpiece The Purple Cloud (1901), Kalki spends its final chapters with the last members of the human race as they live and die athwart consequences of their "carnival of fetishized subjectivism." (Lukacs)



Narrator Teddy Ottinger tells us Kalki and his consort Lakshmi plan to repopulate the world, aided by the scientific expertise of Giles and Geraldine. But the dream of a utopia of New Children ends in tears.


....Lakshmi miscarried. The baby — a girl, as predicted — was born dead, and deformed.


     Lakshmi went into a deep depression. Kalki was grim. Giles was soothing; he assured us that nothing serious had gone wrong. He was absolutely certain that the next baby would be healthy. He gave his reasons. But then, unknown to Giles, Geraldine did blood studies of both Kalki and Lakshmi.


     On a cold, rainy morning Geraldine came into the living room at the Hay-Adams. She was still wearing her laboratory smock. When she is nervous, she develops a slight tic in her left cheek. The tic was in evidence that morning.


     "Lakshmi is Rh-negative," said Geraldine. "Kalki is Rh-positive." She sat in the chair opposite my desk.


     I knew exactly what she meant. Every mother knows about those incompatibilities of blood that can exist between male and female. In great detail, Geraldine spelled it out for me while rain fell in sheets, made opaque the windows, darkened the room.


     Before Kalki, 13 percent of all American couplings occurred between Rh-negative women and Rh-positive men. Although the first child of such a union might be normal, subsequent births would sometimes be disastrous — until the development of a prophylactic serum called RhoGAM. If an Rh-negative woman was treated with RhoGAM immediately after the birth of her first child, her next child would be normal. Untreated, subsequent children could suffer fetal hydrops, stillbirth, kernicterus. Lakshmi had not been treated.


     Geraldine was precise, angry, guilty because, "I should have known their blood chemistry …"


     "Why?" I tried to comfort her. "After all, you're not their doctor. Giles is."


     "Yes," said Geraldine. "Giles is their doctor."


     When I saw what was in her mind, I joined her in a state of shock.


     From far away, I could hear my own voice saying what I hoped was true. "He must not have known."


     "He knew."


     "Are you sure? I mean, isn't it possible that he made a perfectly honest mistake?" I chattered, hoping that the truth was not true and that the crime could be expunged with words.


     "Giles has known from the beginning that they were incompatible. So …" Geraldine stopped.


     "Why?" I asked.


     "Why," she repeated. Then she telephoned Kalki.


     When Geraldine and I entered the Oval Office, Giles was already there. Lakshmi was not. She had taken to her bed. Would not speak to anyone. Had to be forcibly fed.


     Kalki sat at the president's desk. For the first time since The End, he wore the saffron robe. Through the window back of his chair, I could see the chickens in the overgrown Rose Garden. They clucked contentedly as they pecked for food.


     Giles sprang to his feet, face vivid with energy, intelligence. "Geraldine! Teddy!" He tried to kiss Geraldine. She pushed him away.


     Then Geraldine sat in a chair opposite Kalki's desk; opened her handbag; produced a sheaf of papers. "Now," she said, "this is the problem…"


     Giles interrupted her. He was entirely manic. "There is no problem! How could there be? I have personally studied every blood chemistry report ever done on Kalki and Lakshmi …"


     "Shut up, Giles." Kalki's voice was without emphasis.


     As Geraldine gave her analysis, Giles paced the room, wanting to interrupt but not daring to. Medical words like "erythroblastosis" were used. But despite the elaborate terminology, the meaning was altogether too clear. As was the solution, which Geraldine proposed.


     "You and Lakshmi," she said, "can only have children if, within seventy-two hours of delivery, Lakshmi is desensitized with RhoGAM, which contains a high titer of anti-Rh antibody. This will render the killer antigen in the blood ineffective, and make it possible for her to bear normal children."


     Kalki got the essential point. There was still time. "Where can we find this RhoGAM?"


     "I suppose we can find it at any hospital," said Giles. "But I don't agree with Geraldine. After all, this is my field . .


     "We'll discuss that later," said Kalki.


     The RhoGAM was found, but it was too late. Lakshmi was how permanently sensitized. Any child she might conceive by Kalki would be born dead or, technically speaking, not really born at all.


     Kalki broke the news to Lakshmi. I don't know what he told her. She has never mentioned the subject to either Geraldine or me.


     For a week, Kalki and Lakshmi went into seclusion. I rang Kalki once. I offered to do my usual chores in the garden. Kalki said that he would rather not see anyone. According to Geraldine, Lakshmi was still in a state of deep depression. She was not the only one.


     I now spend most of my time in the lobby of the Hay-Adams, looking after Jack and Jill. The Child has developed into a lively little girl, with a very definite and charming personality. I call her Eve. Yes, obvious connotation. I should note that in the last two years, Jack and Jill have had two more babies, a boy and a girl. I enjoy being with them. Geraldine does not share my enjoyment. She treats them neutrally and they respond, sensitively, in kind. Geraldine still works long hours in her laboratory. Since we never discuss her work, I have no idea what she's doing.


     Eight days after the scene in the Oval Office, Kalki suddenly appeared in the lobby. Eve jumped up on his shoulder. She pulled his hair. She is very fond of him, and she does not like many people. In fact, from the very beginning she hated her mother and Giles and, I'm afraid, Geraldine, too. She tolerates Jack. She adores Kalki and me. Kalki is very nice with her.


     "We've missed you," I said, helping Kalki get Eve's fingers out of his hair.


     "We've missed you, too. We want you to come to dinner tonight." Kalki cleared apple cores off the last undestroyed sofa. I apologized for the mess.


     Kalki sat down. He was unshaven, pale. "Giles knew about us all along," Kalki spoke as if this were news.


     "So we guessed. But why didn't he warn you? And why didn't he give Lakshmi that serum from the beginning?"


     "Because he didn't want to." Kalki stared off into space. Then he spoke with slow precision. "Yesterday I went to see him at Blair House. He told me everything. He told me that he had always known our problem. He told me that he had expected Lakshmi to become sensitized to me. He told me that he had never had a vasectomy. He told me that he loved Lakshmi. He told me that if the human race was to continue, it was now necessary for her to have his child."


     I saw what was coming with all the clarity of a pilot about to crash-land a plane. "And when she does, he and not you will be the father of the new human race."


     "Yes," said Kalki.


     "What did you do?"


     "I killed him."


     I have brought this record up to date only to please Kalki. I can't think why he wants it. There will be no one to read it in the future....


Teddy ends her days inhabiting a Washington, D. C. inherited by descendants of  big cats, giraffes, wolves, and monkeys Gerldine freed from the National Zoo .


Vidal gives real emotional heft to his droll ending: the sense of last things, of belatedness, is enough to make the reader's chest ache.


Jay

16 September 2021




The above forms most of chapter six of my unwritten book The Fantastika of Gore Vidal. Below I have also appended a table of contents and a rough introduction.


The Fantastika of Gore Vidal 


1. Introduction: My Gore Vidal Itinerary


2. A Search for the King: A Twelfth Century Legend (1950)


3. Messiah (1954)


4. Myra Breckenridge (1968) 


5. Myron (1974)


6. Kalki (1978)


7. Creation (1981)


8. Duluth (1983)


9. Live from Golgotha (1992)


10. The Smithsonian Institution (1998)


11. Vacations of a Public Intellectual



Introduction: My Gore Vidal Itinerary


I have been in an on-again off-again relationship with Gore Vidal (1925-2012) since high school. I checked Julian (1964) out of the Bucyrus, Ohio public library in early 1982, soon after catching Vidal on the Tonight Show with Johnny Carson.


Initially I appreciated his contrarian political wit, though after becoming a partisan of the Socialist Workers Party I found his brand of ride-or-die Democrat Party bourgeois cretinism a tiresome dead-end time-waster. Like Chomsky, any rationalization was good enough to promote voting for Mondale, Dukakis, Clinton, Gore or Obama. From about 1986 his bald expressions of Jew-hate, rationalized by himself and cronies as "antizionism," was a rancid spectacle.


As my adolescent appreciation of Vidal's politics evaporated, my appreciation for his skills as a novelist waxed. This was a long process, and did not culminate until summer 2004, when I read all his so-called Narratives of Empire. Vidal dragooned many of his 1960s and 1970s historical novels into the Narratives of Empire, but reading them in order of publication (not in order of retcon) was a fruitful experience.


*     *     *


The City and the Pillar (1948), which I read in the revised 1965 edition, I found fascinating, noirish, and grim as hell. 


Messiah (1954) is a richly textured fantasy perfectly delineating a stultified and increasingly irrational Cold War hothouse culture.  In it, a Madison Avenue pro helps create and market a pseudoscience death cult that quickly overruns the US before the real meaning of life — "more life" — is discovered.


Empire (1987), Hollywood (1990), and The Golden Age (2000) tell the story of Vidal's finest fictional creation, Caroline Sanford.  From 1898 onward, she participates in everything from Hearst journalism to pre-code Hollywood to the Cold War.  Along the way she meets such Vidal touchstones as Henry Adams and Eleanor Roosevelt.  The power and drama of these novels, and the faultless unity they attain in following the growth and triumph of a single character, give them a matchless authority.  These novels embrace the contradictions history imposes on characters (real and invented) who have a sense — like their creator — that they inhabit history as citizens of time and are being judged accordingly.


*     *     *